Proceso de implementación de una iniciativa de atención a mujeres en postaborto en Chile, 2016-2020 / The implementation process of a post-abortion healthcare initiative in Chile, 2016-2020

Objetivo: Analizar el proceso de implementación de una iniciativa de calidad de atención en el postaborto en tres hospitales de Santiago de Chile para su posterior escalamiento al ámbito nacional. Método: Se efectuó un estudio cualitativo, con base en una revisión documental sustentada en documentos normativos emitidos por el Ministerio de Salud y 23 entrevistas semiestructuradas a tomadores de decisiones, profesionales de salud y usuarias. Se realizó un análisis de contenido usando el programa Atlas-ti 8. Resultados: A nivel normativo, se identificaron acciones relacionadas con la implementación de la iniciativa, y a nivel de proceso se identificaron los aciertos, las dificultades y las resistencias que experimentaron los equipos involucrados en el piloto durante su implementación. A pesar de que la implementación de la iniciativa no fue planificada, tuvo efectos positivos para el bienestar de las mujeres y el desempeño de los profesionales de atención implicados en el proceso. Conclusiones: Esta experiencia es un punto de partida para planear la implementación nacional con base en estrategias bien definidas. Los resultados aportan una experiencia documentada para quienes desean desarrollar iniciativas o programas de atención a mujeres en situación de postaborto.

Objective: To analyze the implementation process of a quality post-abortion care initiative in three hospitals in Santiago de Chile for its subsequent scale up at the national level. Method: A qualitative study was carried out, based on a documentary review supported by governmental normative documents issued by the Ministry of Health and 23 semi-structured interviews with decision-makers, health providers and users. Content analysis was performed using the Atlas-ti 8 software. Results: At the regulatory level, actions related to the implementation of the initiative were identified, and at the process level, the success, difficulties and resistance experienced by the teams involved in the pilot during its implementation were identified. Although the implementation of the initiative was not planned, it had positive effects on the well-being of the women and the performance of the care providers involved in the process. Conclusions: This experience is a starting point to plan implementation at the national level with well-defined strategies. Our results provide a documented experience for those who wish to develop post-abortion care initiatives or programs.

Replacement of core team members on embedded implementation research teams: experiences from Latin America and the Caribbean / Sustitución de los miembros principales de los equipos de investigación integrada en materia de ejecución: experiencias en América Latina y el Caribe / Substituição de membros essenciais de equipes de pesquisa de implementação incorporada: experiências da América Latina e do Caribe

ABSTRACT Objective. To understand how replacement of decision-makers (DMs) serving as principal investigators (PI) or co-PIs on research teams may affect the feasibility and value of embedded implementation research (EIR) used to improve health policies, programs, and services in Latin America and the Caribbean. Methods. This was a descriptive qualitative study based on 39 semistructured interviews with 13 embedded research teams selected by financing agencies to explore team composition, interaction among members, and research results. Interviews were conducted at three points during the study period from September 2018 to November 2019; data were analyzed from 2020 to 2021. Results. Research teams were found to be operating in one of three situations: (i) permanent core team (no change) with either active DM or inactive DM participation; (ii) replacement of DM-PI or co-PI that did not affect EIR research; and (iii) replacement of DM-PI that affected EIR. Conclusions. To ensure EIR continuity and stability, research teams should include high-level DMs together with more technical staff performing essential implementation activities. This structure could improve collaboration among professional researchers and ensure greater embeddedness of EIR to strengthen the health system.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Comprender de qué manera la sustitución de los responsables de tomar decisiones (RTD) que se desempeñan como investigadores principales (IP) o coinvestigadores principales (coIP) en los equipos de investigación puede incidir en la viabilidad y el valor de la investigación integrada en materia de ejecución (IIME) utilizada con el objetivo de mejorar las políticas, los programas y los servicios de salud en América Latina y el Caribe. Métodos. Este estudio cualitativo descriptivo se basó en 39 entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas a 13 equipos de investigación integrada seleccionados por organismos de financiación con el objetivo de estudiar la composición de los equipos, la interacción entre sus miembros y los resultados de la investigación. Las entrevistas se realizaron en tres ocasiones durante el período de estudio, que se extendió de septiembre del 2018 a noviembre del 2019; los datos se analizaron entre el 2020 y el 2021. Resultados. Se encontró que los equipos de investigación se desempeñaban en una de las siguientes tres situaciones: a) un equipo central permanente (sin cambios), sea con participación activa del RTD o sin participación activa del mismo; b) sustitución del RTD-IP o coIP, sin consecuencias para la IIME; y c) sustitución del RTD-IP, con consecuencias para la IIME. Conclusiones. Para asegurar la continuidad y estabilidad de la IIME, los equipos de investigación deberían incluir RTD de alto nivel junto con más personal técnico que lleve a cabo actividades esenciales en materia de ejecución. Esta estructura podría mejorar la colaboración entre los investigadores profesionales y asegurar una mayor integración de la IIME con la finalidad de fortalecer el sistema de salud.

RESUMO Objetivo. Entender como a substituição de decisores atuando como investigadores principais ou co-investigadores em equipes de pesquisa pode afetar a viabilidade e o valor da pesquisa de implementação incorporada (EIR, na sigla em inglês), método usado para aprimorar as políticas, programas e serviços de saúde na América Latina e no Caribe. Métodos. Estudo qualitativo e descritivo, baseado em 39 entrevistas semiestruturadas com 13 equipes de pesquisa incorporadas, selecionadas por agências de fomento, para explorar a composição das equipes, a interação entre os membros e os resultados das pesquisas. As entrevistas foram realizadas em três momentos durante o período de estudo, de setembro de 2018 a novembro de 2019. Os dados foram analisados de 2020 a 2021. Resultados. Verificou-se que as equipes de pesquisa se encontravam em uma das seguintes três situações: (i) equipe essencial permanente (sem alteração), com participação ativa ou inativa do decisor; (ii) substituição do decisor (investigador principal ou co-investigador) não afetou a pesquisa EIR; e (iii) substituição do decisor (investigador principal ou co-investigador) afetou a pesquisa EIR. Conclusões. Para garantir a continuidade e estabilidade de pesquisas de EIR, as equipes de pesquisa devem incluir decisores de alto nível, juntamente com pessoal de perfil mais técnico, para realizar atividades essenciais de implementação. Tal estrutura poderia melhorar a colaboração entre pesquisadores profissionais e garantir uma incorporação ainda maior da EIR para fortalecer o sistema de saúde.

Embedded implementation research determinants in Latin American health systems

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To assess the determinants of embedded implementation research (EIR) conduct in seven Latin American and Caribbean countries. METHODS: This qualitative interpretative study conducted and analyzed 14 semi-structured interviews based on a grounded theory approach using Atlas-ti© 7.5.7. We grouped the conditions appointed by interviewees as determinants of EIR conduct into six domains. RESULTS: The participation of high-level engaged decision makers as research co-producers is an important EIR determinant that fosters research use. Nevertheless, EIR faces challenges such as dealing with key personnel changes and fluctuating political contexts. CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, EIR is effective in creating a sense of ownership of research results among implementers, which helps bridge the gap between research and decision-making in health systems.

Analysis of implementation outcomes of quality improvement initiatives in Haiti: the fingerprint initiative / Análisis de los resultados de la puesta en práctica de iniciativas para la mejora de la calidad en Haití: la iniciativa de la huella dactilar / Análise dos resultados da implantação de iniciativas para melhoria da qualidade no Haiti: iniciativa de leitura da impressão digital

ABSTRACT Objective. To assess the process and outcomes of the implementation of an electronic fingerprint initiative as part of quality improvement in three health facilities in the Northern Department of Haiti, in terms of its acceptability, adoption, feasibility, fidelity, and sustainability. In Haiti, poor attendance of the healthcare workforce is a nationwide problem, closely related to the quality of care. Three health institutions have tried to implement an electronic fingerprint system to monitor and improve attendance. Methods. An exploratory and qualitative descriptive study of the implementation outcomes of the fingerprint initiative. It was based on semi-structured interviews and one group discussion using purposeful sampling techniques to recruit participants, and an open coding system and deductive approach to analyze the data using ATLAS.ti 8. Results. The fingerprint initiative was successfully implemented in a non-governmental organization supported health facility but, despite some planning, it was never implemented in the public health facilities. The acceptability of the implementation was high in the not-for-profit organization and low in the public settings, mostly in relation to the presence of champions and the leadership at each health facility. Conclusions. We recommend more involvement of the leadership of health facilities in the different phases of the implementation process in order to guarantee acceptability, adoption, fidelity and sustainabiliy. More research is needed to articulate this technology-driven initiative in the Haitian health system.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Evaluar el proceso y los resultados de la puesta en práctica de una iniciativa de digitalización de huellas dactilares como parte de la mejora de la calidad en tres establecimientos de salud del departamento Norte de Haití, en cuanto a su aceptabilidad, adopción, viabilidad, fidelidad y sostenibilidad. En Haití, el absentismo de los trabajadores de atención de salud es un problema nacional, estrechamente relacionado con la calidad de la atención. Tres instituciones de salud han tratado de poner en práctica un sistema de huellas dactilares digitalizadas para monitorear y mejorar la asistencia. Métodos. Se ha llevado a cabo un estudio descriptivo cualitativo y exploratorio de los resultados de la puesta en práctica de la iniciativa de la huella dactilar. Este estudio empleó entrevistas semiestructuradas y una discusión de grupo mediante técnicas de muestreo con fines específicos para reclutar a los participantes, y un sistema de codificación abierta y enfoque deductivo para analizar los datos con ATLAS.ti 8. Resultados. La iniciativa de la huella dactilar se llevó a cabo satisfactoriamente en un establecimiento de salud no gubernamental; sin embargo, a pesar de cierta planificación, no llegó a ponerse en práctica en establecimientos públicos de salud. La aceptabilidad de la implementación fue alta en las organizaciones sin fines de lucro y baja en los entornos públicos, principalmente en lo que respecta a la presencia de líderes y dirigentes en cada establecimiento de salud. Conclusiones. Recomendamos una mayor participación de la gerencia de los establecimientos de salud en las diferentes fases del proceso de ejecución para garantizar aceptabilidad, adopción, fidelidad y sostenibilidad. Se necesita investigación adicional para integrar esta iniciativa impulsada por la tecnología en el sistema de salud haitiano.

RESUMO Objetivo. Avaliar o processo e os resultados da implantação de uma iniciativa de controle de ponto eletrônico por biometria para melhoria da qualidade em três serviços de saúde no Departamento Norte do Haiti quanto à aceitabilidade, adoção, viabilidade, fidelidade e sustentabilidade. A baixa assiduidade no trabalho do pessoal da saúde é um problema em todo o país e está estreitamente relacionada à qualidade da atenção. Foi feita uma tentativa de implantar um sistema de ponto eletrônico por biometria em três instituições de saúde, para monitorar e aumentar a assiduidade no trabalho. Métodos. Estudo exploratório, descritivo e qualitativo dos resultados da implantação da iniciativa de ponto eletrônico por biometria. Os dados foram coletados em entrevistas semiestruturadas e em um grupo de discussão usando técnica de amostragem intencional para recrutar os participantes. A análise de dados foi realizada por codificação aberta e enfoque dedutivo com o uso do software ATLAS.ti 8. Resultados. A iniciativa de ponto eletrônico por biometria foi implantada com êxito em um serviço de saúde apoiado por uma organização não governamental. Porém, apesar do planejamento, ela nunca foi implantada nos serviços da rede pública. A aceitabilidade foi muito boa na entidade sem fins lucrativos, mas foi baixa na rede pública, sobretudo em relação à presença de apoiadores e dirigentes no local. Conclusões. Recomenda-se maior envolvimento dos dirigentes dos serviços de saúde nas diferentes fases do processo de implantação para garantir a aceitabilidade, adoção, fidelidade e sustentabilidade da iniciativa. Mais pesquisas são necessárias para estruturar esta iniciativa com uso de tecnologia no sistema de saúde do Haiti.

Experiencias y retos del Centro de Apoyo Técnico en la investigación integrada en los servicios en América Latina y el Caribe / Embedding research into health services in Latin America and the Caribbean: experiences and challenges of the Technical Support Center / Experiências e desafios do Centro de Apoio Técnico na pesquisa integrada aos serviços na América Latina e Caribe

RESUMEN En este artículo se describen los principales modelos de integración, las experiencias de éxito y los retos del trabajo conjunto de los investigadores y los tomadores de decisiones participantes en la iniciativa Incorporación de la Investigación para Avanzar en el Cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ER-SDG), y la experiencia del Centro de Apoyo Técnico (CAT). En junio de 2018 se otorgó financiamiento, previa selección, a 13 proyectos de investigación de 11 países de ingresos medios y bajos de América Latina y el Caribe (Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Guyana, Haití, Paraguay, Perú y República Dominicana). Los proyectos debían estar centrados en los cambios que se requieren a nivel de sistema, políticas o programas para mejorar la salud y basarse en el trabajo conjunto de investigadores y tomadores de decisiones, a fin de acercar la generación de evidencias a la toma de decisiones en los sistemas y servicios de salud. El CAT apoyó y orientó la producción de resultados de calidad y de utilidad para la toma de decisiones. La experiencia confirmó el valor de iniciativas como ER-SDG en la consolidación de puentes entre el mundo de la investigación sobre implementación de políticas, programas y sistemas de salud, y el mundo de los funcionarios encargados de operar esos programas, servicios e intervenciones relacionadas con la salud. Se resalta la necesidad de respetar y aprovechar cada contexto, y los arreglos y patrones específicos de relación entre investigadores y tomadores de decisiones, mediante incentivos para la integración.

ABSTRACT This article describes the main models for embedding research and the successful experiences and challenges faced in joint work by researchers and decisionmakers who participated in the Embedding Research for the Sustainable Development Goals (ER-SDG) initiative, and the experience of the Technical Support Center. In June 2018, funding was granted to 13 pre-selected research projects from 11 middle- and low-income countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Paraguay, and Peru). The projects focused on the system-, policy-, or program-level changes required to improve health and build on the joint work of researchers and decisionmakers, with a view to bringing together evidence production and decision-making in health systems and services. The Technical Support Center supported and guided the production of quality results useful for decision-making. This experience confirmed the value of initiatives such as ER-SDG in consolidating bridges between research on the implementation of health policies, programs, and systems, and the officials responsible for operating health-related programs, services, and interventions. It highlighted the importance of both respecting and taking advantage of each context—and the specific arrangements and patterns in the relationships between researchers and decisionmakers—through incentives for embedded research.

RESUMO Neste artigo são descritos os principais modelos de integração, as experiências de êxito e os desafios do trabalho conjunto de pesquisadores e responsáveis por tomar decisões que participam da iniciativa Incorporação da Pesquisa para Avançar no Cumprimento dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (Embedding Research for the Sustainable Development Goals, ER-SDG) e da experiência do Centro de Apoio Técnico (CAT). Em junho de 2018, realizou-se a concessão de financiamento e pré-seleção de 13 projetos de pesquisa provenientes de 11 países de baixa e média renda da América Latina e Caribe (Argentina, Bolívia, Brasil, Colômbia, Equador, Guatemala, Guiana, Haiti, Paraguai, Peru e República Dominicana). Os projetos deveriam enfocar as mudanças necessárias no sistema, políticas ou programas para melhorar a saúde e fundar-se no trabalho conjunto de pesquisadores e responsáveis por tomar decisões visando aproximar a produção de evidências à tomada de decisão nos sistemas e serviços de saúde. O CAT forneceu suporte e orientação à produção de resultados úteis e de qualidade para a tomada de decisão. A experiência confirmou o valor de iniciativas como a ER-SDG para consolidar pontes entre o mundo da pesquisa voltada à implementação de políticas, programas e sistemas de saúde e o mundo dos encarregados de gerir estes programas, serviços e intervenções de saúde. Deve-se enfatizar a necessidade de respeitar e aproveitar cada contexto e os arranjos e padrões próprios da relação entre pesquisadores e responsáveis por tomar decisões criando incentivos à integração.

Problemas del sistema de salud en estados de México con alta incidencia de mortalidad materna / Problems of the health system in Mexican states with high incidence of maternal mortality

OBJETIVO: Identificar y priorizar problemas de los sistemas estatales de salud que limitan la eficacia de las intervenciones para prevenir la mortalidad materna. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un mapeo conceptual de los problemas prioritarios percibidos por comunidades de práctica (Cop) en estados con alta incidencia de mortalidad materna. Posteriormente, las Cop revisaron la literatura médica para contrastar los problemas identificados. RESULTADOS: Los problemas priorizados por las Cop se enfocaron en la atención de la emergencia obstétrica (AEO), específicamente en recursos financieros y desabasto de insumos (Guerrero), falta de capacitación del personal para atender la EO (Estado de México), ineficiencia de las redes obstétricas (Oaxaca) y desconocimiento y falta de adherencia a protocolos de AEO (Veracruz). La revisión de literatura médica confirmó la pertinencia de los problemas identificados mediante el mapeo conceptual. CONCLUSIÓN: Las Cop pusieron en evidencia un alto grado de congruencia entre la percepción de los problemas de los sistemas estatales de salud y la evidencia científica internacional. Los problemas identificados y reformulados con base en la evidencia facilitan la identificación de soluciones apropiadas.

OBJECTIVE: To identify and prioritize problems in states' health systems which limit the efficacy of interventions to prevent maternal mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We made a conceptual mapping of priority problems perceived as such by communities of practice (COP) in four states with high ratios of maternal mortality in Mexico. Then, the four COP reviewed the literature and refined their formulation of previously identified problems. RESULTS: Priority problems focused on emergency obstetric care (EmOC), specifically: inadequate financial resources (Guerrero), substandard training among available EmOC providers (State of Mexico), inefficiencies in existing EmOC networks (Oaxaca) and inadequate knowledge of, and/or compliance to, standard EmOC protocols (Veracruz). The literature review confirmed the pertinence of problems previously identified by COP through conceptual mapping. CONCLUSIONS. The four COP showed a high level of congruency between their original perception of problems in the states' health systems and international scientific evidence. Identified problems and their reformulation based on evidence help identify solutions adaptable to local contexts.

[The health system of Colombia]. / Sistema de salud de Colombia.

This document briefly describes the health conditions of the Colombian population and, in more detail, the characteristics of the Colombian health system. The description of the system includes its structure and coverage; financing sources; expenditure in health; physical material and human resources available; monitoring and evaluation procedures; and mechanisms through which the population participates in the evaluation of the system. Salient among the most recent innovations implemented in the Colombian health system are the modification of the Compulsory Health Plan and the capitation payment unit, the vertical integration of the health promotion enterprises and the institutions in charge of the provision of services and the mobilization of additional resources to meet the objectives of universal coverage and the homologation of health benefits among health regimes.

[The health system of Chile]. / Sistema de salud de Chile.

This paper describes the Chilean health system, including its structure, financing, beneficiaries, and its physical, material and human resources. This system has two sectors, public and private. The public sector comprises all the organisms that constitute the National System of Health Services, which covers 70% of the population, including the rural and urban poor, the low middle-class, the retired, and the self-employed professionals and technicians.The private sector covers 17.5% of the population, mostly the upper middle-class and the high-income population. A small proportion of the population uses private health services and pays for them out-of-pocket. Around l0% of the population is covered by other public agencies, basically the Health Services for the Armed Forces. The system was recently reformed with the establishment of a Universal System of Explicit Entitlements, which operates through a Universal Plan of Explicit Entitlements (AUGE), which guarantees timely access to treatment for 56 health problems, including cancer in children, breast cancer, ischaemic heart disease, HIV/AIDS and diabetes.

[The health system of Guatemala]. / Sistema de salud de Guatemala.

This paper describes the health conditions in Guatemala and, in more detail, the characteristics of the Guatemalan health system, including its structure en coverage, its financial sources, the stewardship functions developed by the Ministry of Health, as well as the generation of health information and the development of research activities. It also discusses the recent efforts to extend coverage of essential health services, mostly to poor rural areas.The most recent innovations also discussed in this paper include the Program for the Expansion of Coverage of Essential Services, the Program to Expand Access to Essential Drugs and the agreements between the Ministry of Health and several non-governmental organizations to provide essential services in rural settings.

[The health system of Venezuela]. / Sistema de salud de Venezuela.

This paper describes the Venezuelan health system, including its structure and coverage, financial sources, human and material resources and its stewardship functions. This system comprises a public and a private sector. The public sector includes the Ministry of Popular Power for Health (MS) and several social security institutions, salient among them the Venezuelan Institute for Social Security (IVSS). The MH is financed with federal, state and county contributions. The IVSS is financed with employer, employee and government contributions. These two agencies provide services in their own facilities. The private sector includes providers offering services on an out-of-pocket basis and private insurance companies. The Venezuelan health system is undergoing a process of reform since the adoption of the 1999 Constitution which calls for the establishment of a national public health system. The reform process is now headed by the Barrio Adentro program.

[The health system of Argentina]. / Sistema de salud de Argentina.

This paper describes the health system of Argentina.This system has three sectors: public, social security and private.The public sector includes the national and provincial ministries as well as the network of public hospitals and primary health care units which provide care to the poor and uninsured population. This sector is financed with taxes and payments made by social security beneficiaries that use public health care facilities. The social security sector or Obras Sociales (OS) covers all workers of the formal economy and their families. Most OS operate through contracts with private providers and are financed with payroll contributions of employers and employees. Finally, the private sector includes all those private providers offering services to individuals, OS beneficiaries and all those with private health insurance.This sector also includes private insurance agencies called Prepaid Medicine Enterprises, financed mostly through premiums paid by families and/or employers.This paper also discusses some of the recent innovations implemented in Argentina, including the program Remediar.

Mapeo de problemas para la atención a la salud materna por actores estatales y federales / Problem mapping by state and federal actors for maternal health attention

OBJETIVO: Analizar las características de problemas del sistema de salud que obstaculizan la atención materna, según los representan y califican funcionarios en diversos puestos y contextos sociales. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizaron talleres con funcionarios de estados de alta mortalidad materna en México (México, Guerrero, Oaxaca y Veracruz) y a nivel federal. Se identificaron 99 problemas en los sistemas de salud. Utilizando mapeo conceptual, 94 funcionarios calificaron los problemas según importancia y factibilidad y se agruparon en regiones. Se analizaron los datos según estado/federación y responsabilidades de los participantes. Se midió la asociación entre perfil/contexto y la priorización de las regiones. RESULTADOS: Las regiones de alta prioridad para la atención materna son infraestructura, contratación de personal y recursos financieros. La importancia de algunas regiones depende del contexto social, aunque también en parte del perfil de responsabilidades de los actores. CONCLUSIONES: Existe consenso entre actores para enfrentar los principales problemas de salud materna en México. Diferencias importantes se deben a diversos contextos. Se demostró la utilidad del mapeo conceptual para el análisis de problemas.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the characteristics of problems in the health system that present barriers to maternal care, according to their representation and rating by officials in different positions and social contexts. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Workshops were held with state health system officials from Mexican states with high maternal mortality (Mexico, Guerrero, Oaxaca and Veracruz) as well as with federal officials. A total of 99 health system problems were identified. Using concept mapping, 94 officials rated problems according to importance and feasibility; they were grouped into issues. Data was analyzed according to state/federal levels and the responsibilities of participants. The association was measured between responsibility profile/social context and priority issues. RESULTS: The issues of highest priority for maternal health care are infrastructure, personnel hiring and financial resources. The importance of certain issues depends on context and, to an extent, on the actors' responsibilities. CONCLUSIONS: There is consensus among actors to address the principal maternal health problems in Mexico. Important differences correspond to context. The usefulness of concept mapping to analyze problems was demonstrated.

Sistema de salud de Argentina / The health system of Argentina

En este artículo se describe el sistema de salud de Argentina, que está compuesto por tres sectores: público, de seguridad social y privado. El sector público está integrado por los ministerios nacional y provincial, y la red de hospitales y centros de salud públicos que prestan atención gratuita a toda persona que lo demande, fundamentalmente a personas sin seguridad social y sin capacidad de pago. Se financia con recursos fiscales y recibe pagos ocasionales de parte del sistema de seguridad social cuando atiende a sus afiliados. El sector del seguro social obligatorio está organizado en torno a las Obras Sociales (OS), que aseguran y prestan servicios a los trabajadores y sus familias. La mayoría de las OS operan a través de contratos con prestadores privados y se financian con contribuciones de los trabajadores y patronales. El sector privado está conformado por profesionales de la salud y establecimientos que atienden a demandantes individuales, a los beneficiarios de las OS y de los seguros privados. Este sector también incluye entidades de seguro voluntario llamadas Empresas de Medicina Prepaga que se financian sobre todo con primas que pagan las familias y/o las empresas. En este trabajo también se describen las innovaciones recientes en el sistema de salud, incluyendo el Programa Remediar.

This paper describes the health system of Argentina.This system has three sectors: public, social security and private.The public sector includes the national and provincial ministries as well as the network of public hospitals and primary health care units which provide care to the poor and uninsured population. This sector is financed with taxes and payments made by social security beneficiaries that use public health care facilities. The social security sector or Obras Sociales (OS) covers all workers of the formal economy and their families. Most OS operate through contracts with private providers and are financed with payroll contributions of employers and employees. Finally, the private sector includes all those private providers offering services to individuals, OS beneficiaries and all those with private health insurance.This sector also includes private insurance agencies called Prepaid Medicine Enterprises, financed mostly through premiums paid by families and/or employers.This paper also discusses some of the recent innovations implemented in Argentina, including the program Remediar.

Sistema de salud de Chile / The health system of Chile

En este trabajo se describe el sistema de salud de Chile, incluyendo su estructura, financiamiento, beneficiarios y recursos físicos, materiales y humanos de los que dispone. Este sistema está compuesto por dos sectores, público y privado. El sector público está formado por todos los organismos que constituyen el Sistema Nacional de Servicios de Salud y cubre aproximadamente a 70 por ciento de la población, incluyendo a los pobres del campo y las ciudades, la clase media baja y los jubilados, así como los profesionales y técnicos. El sector privado cubre aproximadamente a 17.5 por ciento de la población perteneciente a los grupos sociales de mayores ingresos. Un pequeño sector de la población, perteneciente a la clase alta, realiza pagos directos de bolsillo a proveedores privados de servicios de atención a la salud. Alrededor de 10 por ciento de la población está cubierta por otras agencias públicas, fundamentalmente los Servicios de Salud de las Fuerzas Armadas. Recientemente el sistema se reformó creando el Régimen General de Garantías en Salud, que establece un Sistema Universal con Garantías Explícitas que se tradujo, en 2005, en el Plan de Acceso Universal con Garantías Explícitas (AUGE), que garantiza el acceso oportuno a servicios de calidad para 56 problemas de salud, incluyendo cáncer en niños, cáncer de mama, trastornos isquémicos del corazón, VIH/SIDA y diabetes.

This paper describes the Chilean health system, including its structure, financing, beneficiaries, and its physical, material and human resources. This system has two sectors, public and private. The public sector comprises all the organisms that constitute the National System of Health Services, which covers 70 percent of the population, including the rural and urban poor, the low middle-class, the retired, and the self-employed professionals and technicians.The private sector covers 17.5 percent of the population, mostly the upper middle-class and the high-income population. A small proportion of the population uses private health services and pays for them out-of-pocket. Around l0 percent of the population is covered by other public agencies, basically the Health Services for the Armed Forces. The system was recently reformed with the establishment of a Universal System of Explicit Entitlements, which operates through a Universal Plan of Explicit Entitlements (AUGE), which guarantees timely access to treatment for 56 health problems, including cancer in children, breast cancer, ischaemic heart disease, HIV/AIDS and diabetes.

Sistema de salud de Colombia / The health system of Colombia

En este trabajo se presenta una breve descripción de las condiciones de salud de Colombia y una descripción detallada del sistema colombiano de salud. Esta última incluye una descripción de su estructura y cobertura, sus fuentes de financiamiento, el gasto en salud, los recursos con los que cuenta, quién vigila y evalúa al sector salud y qué herramientas de participación tienen los usuarios. Dentro de las innovaciones más recientes del sistema se incluyen las modificaciones al Plan Obligatorio de Salud y a los montos de la unidad de pago por capitación, la integración vertical entre empresas promotoras de salud y las instituciones prestadoras de servicios, así como el establecimiento de nuevas fuentes de recursos para lograr la universalidad e igualar los planes de beneficios entre los distintos regímenes.

This document briefly describes the health conditions of the Colombian population and, in more detail, the characteristics of the Colombian health system. The description of the system includes its structure and coverage; financing sources; expenditure in health; physical material and human resources available; monitoring and evaluation procedures; and mechanisms through which the population participates in the evaluation of the system. Salient among the most recent innovations implemented in the Colombian health system are the modification of the Compulsory Health Plan and the capitation payment unit, the vertical integration of the health promotion enterprises and the institutions in charge of the provision of services and the mobilization of additional resources to meet the objectives of universal coverage and the homologation of health benefits among health regimes.

Sistema de salud de Guatemala / The health system of Guatemala

En este trabajo se describen las condiciones de salud y el sistema de salud de Guatemala, incluyendo su estructura y cobertura, sus fuentes de financiamiento, las actividades de rectoría que en él se desarrollan, así como las tareas de generación de información en salud e investigación. También se discuten los esfuerzos por ampliar la cobertura de servicios básicos, sobre todo a las comunidades rurales pobres. Destacan dentro de las innovaciones recientes del sistema guatemalteco de salud el Programa de Extensión de Cobertura de Servicios Básicos y el Programa de Accesibilidad de Medicamentos, así como los acuerdos del Ministerio de Salud con organizaciones de la sociedad civil para prestar servicios básicos en comunidades rurales.

This paper describes the health conditions in Guatemala and, in more detail, the characteristics of the Guatemalan health system, including its structure en coverage, its financial sources, the stewardship functions developed by the Ministry of Health, as well as the generation of health information and the development of research activities. It also discusses the recent efforts to extend coverage of essential health services, mostly to poor rural areas.The most recent innovations also discussed in this paper include the Program for the Expansion of Coverage of Essential Services, the Program to Expand Access to Essential Drugs and the agreements between the Ministry of Health and several non-governmental organizations to provide essential services in rural settings.

Sistema de salud de Venezuela / The health system of Venezuela

En este artículo se describe el sistema de salud de Venezuela, incluyendo su estructura y cobertura, sus fuentes de financiamiento, los recursos humanos y materiales con los que cuenta, y las actividades de rectoría que en él se desarrollan. Este sistema cuenta con un sector público y un sector privado. El sector público está constituido por el Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Salud (MS) y diversas instituciones de seguridad social, dentro de las que destaca el Instituto Venezolano de los Seguros Sociales (IVSS). El MS se financia con recursos del gobierno central, estados y municipios. El IVSS se financia con cotizaciones patronales, cotizaciones de los trabajadores y con aportes del gobierno. Ambas instituciones cuentan con su propia red de atención ambulatoria y hospitalaria. El sector privado está constituido por prestadores de servicios que reciben pagos de bolsillo y por compañías aseguradoras. El sistema de salud venezolano atraviesa por un proceso de reforma desde la aprobación de la Constitución de 1999 que plantea la creación de un Sistema Público Nacional de Salud cuya punta de lanza hoy es el programa Barrio Adentro.

This paper describes the Venezuelan health system, including its structure and coverage, financial sources, human and material resources and its stewardship functions. This system comprises a public and a private sector. The public sector includes the Ministry of Popular Power for Health (MS) and several social security institutions, salient among them the Venezuelan Institute for Social Security (IVSS). The MH is financed with federal, state and county contributions. The IVSS is financed with employer, employee and government contributions. These two agencies provide services in their own facilities. The private sector includes providers offering services on an out-of-pocket basis and private insurance companies. The Venezuelan health system is undergoing a process of reform since the adoption of the 1999 Constitution which calls for the establishment of a national public health system. The reform process is now headed by the Barrio Adentro program.